|
|
|
Thread | Display Modes | Share |
January 18th, 2021 | #1 |
News Bot
|
America's Lend-Lease Program (1941-1945): It Was Treason to Democracy -- Yet They Brag About It Today
Lend-Lease got America into WWII. That was the plan all along. It also helped the Soviet Union destroy Germany.
The Lend-Lease Act was written by FDR’s Jewish lawyer, Oscar Sydney Cox [1]. “Soon the Senate will make a declaration of war. It will not be called that. We call it the ‘Lend-Lease’ Bill 1776.” — Sen. D. Worth Clark of Idaho, February 1941. (That was the bill’s actual number). “He (Soviet leader Joe Stalin) stated bluntly that if the United States had not helped us, we would not have won the war. If we had had to fight Nazi Germany one on one, we could not have stood up against Germany’s pressure, and we would have lost the war.” — Nikita Khrushchev, in “Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev: Commissar, 1918–1945”; from Penn State Press. Imagine: a democracy (America) helping a murderous, brutal, communist country run by common criminals (the Soviet Union) defeat a non-communist/anti-communist country (Germany). Why? Good question! Why indeed? Why was a communist and Stalin-pal (Harry Hopkins) allowed to run the Lend-Lease program? Why would a democratic country help communism win a world war? Treason is nothing new, apparently. Hopkins was also a Soviet spy against America, and he was the de facto “deputy President of the USA” due to his power inside the White House. The Lend-Lease plan had Jewish fingerprints all over it. It was “prototyped” in 1940 by two of FDR’s Jews (Benjamin V. Cohen and Felix Frankfurter) as the (illegal) “bases-for-destroyers” deal, and then it morphed into the 1941 “Lend-Lease Act.” . [1] “Oscar S. Cox, Lend-Lease Act Author, Dies; WASHINGTON – Portland, Maine-born attorney Oscar S. Cox, 60, a key figure in Franklin D. Roosevelt’s administration and author of the important structure of the Lend-Lease Act of World War II, died Tuesday night in a hospital here…” — Newspaper obituary for Cox, October 6, 1966, Biddeford Journal, Biddeford, Maine Read more at Vanguard News Network Blog... |
January 18th, 2021 | #2 |
Senior Member
Join Date: May 2014
Posts: 15,248
|
Neither lending or leasing, but the jews' plan for victory for themselves and communists, who were the real victors of World War Jew.
__________________
"Military men are dumb, stupid animals to be used as pawns for foreign policy." --Henry A. Kissinger, jewish politician and advisor |
January 18th, 2021 | #3 |
Senior Member
Join Date: Nov 2006
Posts: 3,633
|
John Beatty - Iron Curtain over America
This now very old work gives all the details. The extent to which the Kwa was raped/robbed is hard to believe. The U.S. government was stuffed full of Communists long before WWII. By the time of the war, the Soviets had dedicated agents working at the top levels of the entire federal bureaucracy.
Today, nobody gives a shit.
__________________
No way out but through the jews. |
January 19th, 2021 | #4 | ||
Senior Member
|
Quote:
Now let's listen to Marshal Zhukov: "Советские люди отдают должное народам США, Англии, их солдатам, матросам, офицерам и полководцам, которые делали все возможное, чтобы приблизить час победы над фашистской Германией. Мы искренне чтим память погибших английских и американских моряков, которые, невзирая на сложную морскую обстановку, на то, что на каждой миле их поджидала смертельная опасность, доставляли нам грузы, обусловленные договором по ленд-лизу. Мы высоко ценим самоотверженность участников Сопротивления во многих европейских странах. Что касается боевой доблести воинов всех родов войск экспедиционных сил союзников в Европе, должен объективно признать их высокие боевые качества и воинский дух, с которыми они сражались с нашим общим врагом. ----- The Soviet people pay tribute to the peoples of the United States, England, their soldiers, sailors, officers and commanders who did everything possible to bring the hour of victory over Nazi Germany closer. We sincerely honor the memory of the lost British and American sailors who, despite the difficult maritime situation, despite the fact that they were in mortal danger at every mile, delivered to us the goods stipulated by the lend-lease agreement. We highly appreciate the dedication of Resistance members in many European countries. As for the fighting prowess of the soldiers of all branches of the Allied expeditionary forces in Europe, I must objectively recognize their high fighting qualities and military spirit with which they fought against our common enemy." Chapter twenty two: Unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany - http://militera.lib.ru/memo/russian/zhukov1/22.html "Касались мы в разговоре с Д. Эйзенхауэром вопроса о поставках по ленд-лизу. И здесь тогда все было ясно. Однако в течение многих послевоенных лет буржуазная историография утверждала, как и продолжает утверждать до сих пор, что якобы решающую роль в достижении нашей победы над врагом сыграли поставки союзниками вооружения, материалов, продовольствия. Действительно, Советский Союз получил от союзников во время войны важные поставки для народного хозяйства— машины, оборудование, материалы, горючее, продовольствие. Из США и Англии было доставлено, например, более 400 тысяч автомобилей, большое количество паровозов, средств связи. Но разве все это могло оказать решающее влияние на ход войны? Я говорил уже о том, что советская промышленность достигла в годы войны огромного размаха и обеспечила фронт и тыл всем необходимым. Повторяться нет смысла. Относительно вооружения могу сказать следующее. Мы получили по ленд-лизу из США и Англии около 18 тысяч самолетов, более 11 тысяч танков. К общему числу вооружения, которым советский народ оснастил свою армию за годы войны, поставки по ленд-лизу составили в среднем 4 процента. Следовательно, о решающей роли поставок говорить не приходится. Что касается танков и самолетов, которые английское и американское правительства нам поставляли, скажем прямо, они не отличались высокими боевыми качествами, особенно танки, которые, работая на бензине, горели как факелы. ---- In our conversation with D. Eisenhower, we discussed the issue of lend-lease supplies. And here then everything was clear. However, for many years after the war, bourgeois historiography claimed, as it continues to claim to this day, that the allegedly decisive role in achieving our victory over the enemy was played by the supply of weapons, materials, and food by the Allies. Indeed, the Soviet Union received from the Allies during the war important supplies for the national economy: machinery, equipment, materials, fuel, food. For example, more than 400 thousand cars, a large number of locomotives, and communications equipment were delivered from the United States and England. But could all this have had a decisive influence on the course of the war? I have already said that Soviet industry reached a huge scale during the war and provided the front and rear with everything necessary. There is no point in repeating myself. Regarding weapons, I can say the following. We received lend-lease from the United States and England about 18 thousand aircraft, more than 11 thousand tanks. To the total number of weapons with which the Soviet people equipped their army during the war years, lend-lease deliveries averaged 4 percent. Consequently, there is no need to talk about the decisive role of lend-lease supplies. As for the tanks and aircraft that the British and American governments supplied to us, let's face it, they were not distinguished by high combat qualities, especially tanks that, working on gasoline, burned like torches." Chapter twenty-three: The Potsdam conference. Control Council for the Administration of Germany - http://militera.lib.ru/memo/russian/zhukov1/23.html Quote:
History textbooks are full of the strangest alliances: Catholics with Protestants, Christians with Muslims, Christians with pagans, Hellenes with barbarians, etc. Open the first history book. There you will find exactly what you are asking your "good question" about. "233. The Thebans however, of whom the commander was Leontiades, being with the Hellenes had continued for some time to fight against the king's army, constrained by necessity; but when they saw that the fortunes of the Persians were prevailing, then and not before, while the Hellenes with Leonidas were making their way with speed to the hillock, they separated from these and holding out their hands came near to the Barbarians, saying at the same time that which was most true, namely that they were on the side of the Medes and that they had been among the first to give earth and water to the king; and moreover that they had come to Thermopylai constrained by necessity, and were blameless for the loss which had been inflicted upon the king: so that thus saying they preserved their lives, for they had also the Thessalians to bear witness to these words." Herodotus - The Histories - Book VII "Polymnia" - https://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/hh/hh7230.htm Germany was allied with Japan with which the US had a conflict of interest. And then there was the Japanese attack on the United States in 1941. In addition, the prospect of strengthening Germany at the expense of the resources of almost all of Europe and the European part of the USSR certainly did not please the rulers of the United States. Therefore, I see no need to involve the Jew to explain the actions of the American government of that era.
__________________
Where should they dig the Very Deep Pit? Piglet said that the best place would be somewhere where a Heffalump was, just before he fell into it, only about a foot farther on. (c) Alan Alexander Miln |
||
January 19th, 2021 | #5 |
Senior Member
|
I found a book called Why the US is at war against Hitler's Germany
It was published in the USSR in 1943. Will you let me give you a translation of some parts of it? https://www.prlib.ru/item/438716
__________________
Where should they dig the Very Deep Pit? Piglet said that the best place would be somewhere where a Heffalump was, just before he fell into it, only about a foot farther on. (c) Alan Alexander Miln |
January 19th, 2021 | #6 | |
Senior Member
Join Date: Nov 2006
Posts: 3,633
|
Quote:
__________________
No way out but through the jews. |
|
January 19th, 2021 | #7 |
Senior Member
|
I hope I can do it.
The book is not laid out page by page, but entirely in a special window on the web page, the link to which I gave in my previous post, and therefore it can be viewed by you only on this web page. With your permission I skip such interesting chapters as: The most important principles of the foreign policy of the United States The United States and Kaiser's Germany in the Pacific Kaiser Germany's interference in American affairs The United States and Kaiser's Germany during the First World War The United States and Kaiser's Germany after the First World War. Note: I understand that for you the words "Nazism" and "Fascism" have different meanings, but please take into account that in this text they are used as synonyms. I have to keep this in translation because sometimes it is not clear to me which of these two meanings is used in the original text. However, where it is only about Germany, I have replaced "German fascism" with "German Nazism" everywhere. I believe that in the USSR they distinguished well between these two forms but preferred not to use the word containing "socialism" in this context. I start with a chapter First Tensions between the United States and Hitler's Germany. A new chapter in the history of relations between the United States and Germany began in 1933, when the so-called "national socialist party" led by Hitler came to power in Germany in January, and Franklin Roosevelt became president of the United States in March. It was a time of a global economic crisis. The Kellogg–Briand Pact (1928) has lost its significance. It has ceased to be of practical value in international relations and has become the subject of memoir literature rather than the guiding principle of international politics. While the United States under President Roosevelt proclaimed the principles of good neighborly relations as the basis of its foreign policy, Hitler preached violence and enslavement of the peoples of the world under the rule of German Nazism. Hitler preached a brutal hatred of other peoples and the superiority of the German race. But while Hitler set out to put the chains of slavery on the workers of other states, he also enslaved the workers of Germany. Hitler also needed the principle of racial inequality in order to establish inequality within the German race. Hitler declares in his book "My Struggle": "A worldview that seeks to give up the democratic idea of the masses to give the Earth to a better people, that is, to Übermensch, should logically also follow within this people the same aristocratic principle and provide leadership and maximum influence for the best heads among this people. By this it stands not on the idea of the majority, but on the idea of personality." Hitler's racism, having set itself the goal of turning the working masses of Germany into slaves, took all measures to divert the attention of these masses from class interests, directing their discontent against other nations and races. First of all, it took the form of an anti-Semitic sermon. The Nazis claimed that Jews were the cause of the workers' plight. In order to preserve their regime, the Nazis attributed all the troubles and misfortunes of modern peoples, especially the German people, to the machinations of the Jews. Nazism seeks to stifle its fear of the masses of working people with a savage hatred of other peoples. With its racial teaching, Nazism takes humanity back to the Middle Ages, when rulers used any kind of scarecrow to blame some imaginary evil for the savage exploitation of the population. Public opinion in the United States was so outraged by the barbarity of the German Nazis that a boycott of German goods in the United States began. It had its effect on the size of German imports to the United States. At the same time, American representatives in Germany had to defend American citizens who were insulted and beaten on the streets of German cities when they refused to give the Hitler salute, which was mandatory for Germans. In response to protests on this issue from American representatives, the German government and Hitler promised the American ambassador to take the necessary measures, but the violence against American citizens continued. Great excitement around the world and in the United States was caused by the trial of Dimitrov, who was charged at the so-called Leipzig trial with arson of the Reichstag. Shortly after coming to power, Hitler decided to deal with communists, and for this purpose, on February 27, 1933, he and his right-hand man Goering organized the burning of the Reichstag. It was decided to lay the blame for this arson on communists. For this purpose, the trial of Dimitrov and some other persons was organized. At the trial, thanks to Dimitrov's courageous and skillful defense, it turned out that the arson was committed by German Nazis, one of whom (Albrecht) was named at the trial. A duel at the court between Dimitrov and Goering led to a complete embarrassment for Goering, who was confused by Dimitrov's questions. Dimitrov's words: "Are you afraid of my questions, Mr. Prime Minister Goering?", which was heard all over the world as an indictment against the Nazi bandits, remained in the memory of everyone who followed this monstrous trial. This deception failed and Dimitrov had to be acquitted. As a result of the persecution of Jews and progressive figures of various persuasions in Germany, many representatives of German culture were in exile, and German science was knocked out. The most prominent scientists, such as Einstein, were forced to settle in the United States. A particular outrage was caused by the case of Professor Haber, a great specialist in chemistry, who invented a method for producing nitrogen from the air and thereby greatly relieved a situation of the German army during the First World War, since the import of substances containing nitrogen could not be carried out by Germany. Despite this, Haber had to leave Germany and died in exile. World-renowned conductors such as Otto Klemperer, Bruno Walter and others have found a home in the United States. The Americans even organized a special university for German refugees, where lectures are given by professors who were forced to leave Hitler's Germany. Burning at the stake in the medieval style of books by various authors, of course, did not contribute to the development of friendly feelings of Americans towards Hitler's Germany. To all this was added the refusal of the German Nazis to pay the debts on loans granted to Germany after the First World War by private American banks, while similar debts to Dutch, Swiss and even British banks were partially paid by the German Nazis. For these reasons, relations between the United States and Hitler's Germany could not but deteriorate, but still the deterioration of relations did not take an official character for a long time. Many people in the United States hoped that, little by little, German Nazism would take on a more cultured appearance, that it would become more civilized and acceptable through the accumulation of state experience, that gorillas would turn into humans in a few years. But German Nazism could not abandon its bigotry. It could only stay in power through violence, deception, and demagogy. German culture had to be destroyed, for the light of science is incompatible with the darkness of the Nazi Middle Ages. Hitler did not abandon any of his "extremes". As a result, the patience of the American people began to overflow. When a new Jewish pogrom occurred in Germany in November 1938, accompanied by unprecedented atrocities and mockery, President Roosevelt officially declared: "I can hardly believe that such things could happen among the civilization of the XX century." Relations between the United States and Germany became increasingly strained. It was not only about the "internal affairs of Germany". The United States Government clearly saw that the international situation was becoming more and more complicated as a result of Hitler's aggressive policy. The United States Ambassador to Berlin, Wilson, was recalled on November 14, 1938, and a few days later Hitler had to recall his ambassador, Dieckhoff, from Washington. Since then, the United States and Germany, before the outbreak of the war between them, did not have fully authorized representatives on each other's territory. They had only representatives in the form of charge d'affaires, which demonstrated the strained relations between the two countries. The end of the chapter
__________________
Where should they dig the Very Deep Pit? Piglet said that the best place would be somewhere where a Heffalump was, just before he fell into it, only about a foot farther on. (c) Alan Alexander Miln |
January 19th, 2021 | #8 |
Senior Member
Join Date: Nov 2006
Posts: 3,633
|
I don't understand the down-thumbs. This is a translation of the 1943 pamphlet. In general, it clarifies the state of propaganda at that time as to the varying relationships between he USSR, The USA, and National Socialist Germany. No real surprises that I see, and likely an accurate translation. Thanks.
__________________
No way out but through the jews. |
January 20th, 2021 | #9 | |
Senior Member
Join Date: May 2014
Posts: 15,248
|
Quote:
There is a thread, http://vnnforum.com/showthread.php?t=526313, that discusses materiel, trucks, tanks, aircraft, and such sent to the Soviet Union through Lend-Lease.
__________________
"Military men are dumb, stupid animals to be used as pawns for foreign policy." --Henry A. Kissinger, jewish politician and advisor |
|
January 20th, 2021 | #10 | |
Senior Member
|
Quote:
The penetration of Hitler's agents in America The Monroe Doctrine has consistently, for more than a century, been at the heart of the foreign policy of the United States. It affects the most important foreign policy interests of the United States - their interests in America. The need to protect the interests of the United States on the American continent is shared by American "isolationists" and their opponents. All influential groups in the United States agreed the Monroe doctrine and its implications. The "isolationism" of the United States was long supported by some segments of the population who did not understand the international situation of the United States and were convinced that international conflicts could not affect the interests of the United States. It seemed to them that the two oceans separating America from the main theaters of war were a reliable barrier to any aggression. Some residents of the states located in the center of the American continent thought that if war broke out, they would be saved by the vast distance to the ocean coasts. But there are also such "isolationists" in the United States who consciously assume the role of defenders and helpers of fascist aggression. These are reactionary elements who see fascism, even if it is foreign, as a means to restrict the rights of the working masses of the United States. The unconscious and conscious agents of fascist influence in the United States, opposing the provision of assistance to countries fighting the fascist aggressors and the deployment of active actions by the American armed forces, played to the advantage of Hitler's Germany, helping it to organize a "fifth column" inside the United States. If imperial Germany has repeatedly attacked the interests of the United States on the American continent and acted contrary to the Monroe doctrine, then the more aggressive Hitler's Germany, with its claims to world domination, seeks to infringe on the interests of the United States on the American continent and to subordinate prominent figures and representatives of the American industrial world to its influence and power. From this point of view, machinations of Hitler's Germany in Latin America, no matter how disguised, are of great importance to the United States. First of all, it is necessary to focus on the economic penetration of Hitler's Germany into Latin America. In a speech at the Reichstag on January 30, 1939, Hitler declared that Germany must "export or die." Indeed, Germany has begun to fight intensely for markets in all parts of the world, including Latin America. Germany sought to carry out trade by exchange of goods and, concluding trade agreements, paid with Deutsche marks that could not be exchanged for another currency and were only suitable for the purchase of goods in Germany. On the basis of these agreements, it bought goods not only for its own needs, but also for re-exporting them to other countries. For example, when buying large quantities of coffee in Brazil, Germany resold it to the Balkan countries. This method of trading gave it the ability to maneuver in different markets and often sell goods cheaper than its competitors could sell. Under these conditions, countries such as the United States, which did not need to buy a lot of agricultural products in Latin America, since they are available in the United States in quite large quantities, could not always successfully compete with Germany, even on the American continent. This is evidenced by the following data. Imports of Latin American countries amounted to: 1937 from the USA - 578 millions of dollars; from England - 211 millions of dollars; from Germany - 262 millions of dollars; 1938 from the USA - 494 millions of dollars; from England - 176 millions of dollars; from Germany - 249 millions of dollars. Consequently, with a general drop in imports of Latin America, due to the global economic crisis, imports from Germany fell the least. Latin American exports amounted to: 1937 to the USA - 672 millions of dollars; to England - 505 millions of dollars; to Germany - 341 millions of dollars; 1938 to the USA - 453 millions of dollars; to England - 372 millions of dollars; to Germany - 323 millions of dollars. Again, with a general drop in exports from Latin America, exports to Germany held up stronger than to other countries. So, Nazi Germany played a big role in Latin America's foreign trade. In some countries, this role was even more prominent. In 1938, the United States accounted for 7% of Argentina's total exports, while Germany accounted for 12%. In terms of imports to Chile in 1938, Germany ranked second (the United States had 27.8%, and Germany had 25.9% of all imports). In terms of imports to Brazil in 1937, Germany was second only to the United States, but in 1938 it was already in first place.
__________________
Where should they dig the Very Deep Pit? Piglet said that the best place would be somewhere where a Heffalump was, just before he fell into it, only about a foot farther on. (c) Alan Alexander Miln |
|
January 20th, 2021 | #11 | |
Senior Member
|
Quote:
Although I saw up close some samples of military equipment when I served in the army. (The penetration of Hitler's agents in America) - continuation In addition to foreign trade, Germany has also strengthened in other areas of the Latin American economy. In the internal trade of Latin America, the Germans occupied a prominent place before the outbreak of the war between Germany and the United States. For example, in the sale of machinery, agricultural implements, electrical equipment, and metal products. Many hotels were owned by Germans. The Germans owned significant coffee plantations in Brazil, Mexico, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, cotton and sugar plantations in Peru, large steel mills in Chile, oil sources in Argentina, Colombia and Mexico. They owned copper mines in Brazil, beer factories in many countries, and played a prominent role in the pharmaceutical trade in Peru. The Germans through the "Condor Syndikat" took control of air lines in Brazil. The same syndicate had maintained contacts between Buenos Aires (Argentina) and Santiago (Chile). In Colombia, too, a large part of air lines was in the possession of the Germans. They owned an air line between Lima (Peru) and Buenos Aires, between Lima and Berlin, etc. The Germans owned several radio stations in Latin America. In order to counter the economic influence of Nazi Germany with the economic influence of the United States and to compensate the Latin American countries for their loss of the German market in connection with the present war, the United States Congress in 1940 allocated the Export-Import bank 500 millions of dollars to credit the trade of the United States with the countries of Latin America. However, this procedure has not yet completely eliminated the tendency of Latin American countries to develop economic relations with Germany. It goes without saying that Germany's economic penetration into Latin American countries paved the way for the strengthening of its political influence in these countries. But in addition to all this, Hitler's Germany had many supporting points in Latin America, which created a real danger to the United States, both from a political and military point of view. Fascist organizations operating under instructions of the German Nazis are making themselves felt in almost all of Latin America. In the Republic of Panama, through which the Panama Canal passes, there are many Germans and Italians. The Germans there had a strong fascist organization, headed by a certain Boyna. Fascist intelligence was led by a representative of many German companies Yabs. Much propaganda work was carried out by German diplomats. Therefore, the Government of Panama was forced in 1941 to close its consulates in Germany and the occupied countries, so that the German Government, for its part, closed its consulates in Panama. It was no secret to anyone that the President of the Republic of Panama Arias patronized the fascists and especially Hitler's Germany. October 6, 1941, he banned the armament of ships flying the Panamanian flag. This prohibition affected many American ships that were assigned to Panamanian ports. On October 9, a coup took place in Panama and the second vice-president Guardia took power. He is now acting president on an interim basis. This coup deprived the Nazis of one of the most important strongholds in Central America, near the Panama Canal. In Brazil, in the states of Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul and Parana, there are more than 800 thousand Germans. German diplomat and Nazi agent Kassel in 1937 said that 100 thousand Brazilian Germans are in fascist organizations and 2 thousand German schools in Brazil are under the control of the fascists. The Brazilian "integralists" were an organization under the leadership of the German Nazis. They exerted a great influence on the army and navy of Brazil and supported President Vargas, who later, fearing the strengthening of the "integralists", banned this organization. But in May 1938, the "integralists" staged an uprising with weapons made in Germany. The German diplomat Kassel was involved in this uprising, and even the German ambassador Ritter, who, at the request of the Brazilian government, had to leave his post and return to Germany. In Mexico, there was a fascist organization under the leadership of German agents. This organization was headed by Schreiter, professor of foreign languages at Guanajuato. His assistant was a certain Klein, who worked vigorously to strengthen the fascist influence in Mexico. These individuals relied on the support of local authorities in the states of Sonora and Guanajuato. In addition to propaganda, the fascist organization was engaged in organizing sabotage and terrorist acts on a fairly large scale. The Mexican Ministry of the Interior eventually decided to disarm the organization in order to stop its terrorist activities, but this has not yet eliminated the activity of this organization.
__________________
Where should they dig the Very Deep Pit? Piglet said that the best place would be somewhere where a Heffalump was, just before he fell into it, only about a foot farther on. (c) Alan Alexander Miln |
|
January 22nd, 2021 | #12 |
Senior Member
|
(The penetration of Hitler's agents in America) - continuation
In Mexico, in the city of Monterrey, the fascist newspaper "El Porto" was published, an editor of which was a prominent businessman, a director of a metallurgical plant Adam Pristi. In Mexico, a fascist organization of the "golden shirts" operated, associated with such figures as General Rodriguez and others. Former Hitler’s envoy to Mexico, Ruth von Kollenberg, now interned in the United States, with the participation of the press attaché of the German mission, Dietrich, supplied weapons to some Mexican generals who were hostile to their government. In Argentina, the activities of the German Nazis were the subject of consideration by a special commission of the Argentine parliament. Back in 1938, an investigation by the authorities found documents indicating the plans of the German Nazis for Patagonia. Representatives of the German Embassy were involved in this case. In the Argentine parliament, Deputy Calve read out the summary of a speech delivered on April 5, 1941 at the German Embassy by the representative of the German Railways, Wolberg. In this speech, Wolberg said: “When Hitler defeats England and establishes his dominance in Europe, the Argentine economy will depend on Germany and therefore it is now necessary to intensify propaganda in Argentina. We must gain influence among the prominent figures of the main parties in Argentina." He recommended gaining the sympathy of the officers and "using all necessary means, including sabotage, to achieve the goal of establishing an authoritarian government in Argentina." Wolberg also pointed out as an important task of the German Nazis the need to strengthen the work among the Italian and Spanish organizations in Argentina. In July 1941, a plot led by the German Nazis to overthrow the current government in Argentina was uncovered in Argentina. The activities of the fascists in Argentina were facilitated by the presence of a short-wave radio transmitter in the German embassy. It came to the point that by a majority of 79 votes to 1, the parliament passed a resolution on the closure of all fascist organizations, as well as on the expulsion of the German ambassador von Terman. In Colombia, in 1941, a conspiracy in the army was uncovered. It was found out that the German mission distributed fascist literature among the officers of the Colombian army. The workers' organizations demanded the expulsion of Dr. Neumuller, who had created a secret airfield on the territory of Colombia. In Bolivia, in June 1941, a plot was exposed to bring to power a government sympathetic to the German Nazis. German companies imported a large number of rifles and light machine guns to Bolivia. The plot was prepared under the leadership of the German consul Gustav Labinus. It involved the German envoy Ernest Wendler, who was asked by the Bolivian government to leave the country. In response, the German government invited Florescu, the Bolivian charge d'affaires in Berlin, to leave Germany. The Bolivian military attache in Berlin was also involved in the plot. In 1928-1931, the adviser to the General Staff in Bolivia was then Hitler's associate Röhm (later, on June 30, 1934, shot by Hitler). The military clash in July 1941 between Ecuador and Peru was largely instigated by the Nazis. In Ecuador, the newspaper La Vig Obrera was used for this purpose. In connection with the fascist plot, the Government of Paraguay has taken strict measures against attempts to establish foreign control over Paraguayan territory. In Chile, the German Nazis attempted a coup several times. The plot involved Germans living in the southern provinces, from where a large number of weapons were delivered to the capital of Chile, Santiago. The German envoy to Chile was connected with the conspirators. The German fascist organization was led by the commercial adviser of the German mission, Bettger. In Chile, fascist figures were arrested, and Feddersen, an employee of the German consulate, was also arrested. In Cuba, the activities of German and Italian fascists were very noticeable. The activities of the German Nazis in Costa Rica led to the fact that already in the middle of 1941 the question of severing diplomatic relations with Germany was raised there. The US government has compiled a list of firms in Latin American countries that trade with fascist countries and has invited American citizens to refrain from trading with these firms. The German Nazi government invited the governments of Latin American countries to protest to the government of the United States about the creation of such a "black list". At the same time, the German government threatened that the consent of the Latin American governments to reconcile with the "black list" would affect German trade relations with them after the war.
__________________
Where should they dig the Very Deep Pit? Piglet said that the best place would be somewhere where a Heffalump was, just before he fell into it, only about a foot farther on. (c) Alan Alexander Miln |
January 24th, 2021 | #13 |
Senior Member
|
(The penetration of Hitler's agents in America) - continuation
Some Latin American governments have responded by rejecting the interference of the German Nazi government in their internal affairs. The Mexican government stated: "We must reject this premature warning, which in its wording represents pressure, which clearly contradicts the spirit of mutual respect that guides the Mexican Republic in its foreign relations." Acting US Secretary of State Welles called the German note on the "black list" "brazen shamelessness". In addition to the German Nazis, Italian and Spanish fascists are actively operating in Latin America. It should be borne in mind that all Latin America speaks Spanish, with the exception of Brazil, where Portuguese is the dominant language. Therefore, Franco's victory in Spain affected the situation in Latin America, since Spanish literature, now imported by Latin America, expresses the views of the Spanish fascists. In addition, Franco's success raised the spirits of the Spanish fascists in Latin America and increased their hopes for all kinds of help from Spain. Fascists in Latin America have waged and are waging the "Hispanidad" campaign, i.e. for Spanish solidarity, against American solidarity. The penetration of Hitler's Germany into Latin America created a situation that US Secretary of State Hull, speaking at the conference of the American Republics in 1936 in Buenos Aires, said: "Aggression looms menacingly around the world, and its ominous shadow passes through our hemisphere." President Roosevelt, in a speech delivered on October 20, 1941, said that he had in his possession a secret map of the German government, which shows the plans of Hitler's Germany to enslave all of Latin America and a large part of Central America. These plans envisage the creation of five vassal states in Latin America instead of the existing American republics, and, in the words of Roosevelt, the "great vital communication" of the United States (the Panama Canal) will also be managed according to this plan by Hitler's Germany and will be part of one of the vassal states of America. President Roosevelt said that he had received another document, which was a plan to destroy all existing religions, in place of which it is planned to create a single Nazi church. The Hitler press tried to declare the documents published by President Roosevelt as fakes. However, all the activities of the Nazi agents fully confirm not only the authenticity of the published documents, but also expose the long-developed Nazi plans for the subjugation of Latin America, which are part of the plans for the world domination of German Nazism. The facts that have become known in recent years about the subversive activities of Nazi agents in Latin America convincingly speak about the true goals of Hitler's Germany. The strong points that the German, Italian, and Spanish fascists have in Latin America, of course, can play a big role in the war of Nazi Germany against the United States. But regardless of these strongholds in Latin America, the basis for fascist aggression is the machinations of local reactionary forces in most Latin American countries. Nowhere in the world are coups so easily carried out as in the countries of Latin America. Here is a brief summary of the coups in Latin America for 1930-1931: June 29, 1930 - a coup in Bolivia; August 29 - a coup in Peru; September 6 - a coup in Argentina; October 24 - a coup in Brazil; January 2, 1931 - a coup in Panama; March 1 - a coup in Peru; July 24 - a coup in Chile; October 26 - a coup in Paraguay; December 3 - a coup in El Salvador etc. The instability of the political situation in Latin America made it easier for fascist influences to penetrate there. Most Latin American states may have their Quislings, Darlans, Lavals, Bonnets, and similar contenders for power, even if obtained with the help of the fascist states on the terms of complete submission to their will It cannot be said that foreign fascists had no influence in the United States. In the United States, the German-American Bund was openly active, headed by Fritz Kuhn, who received American citizenship. Kuhn found patronage of some American capital tycoons. This union [Bund] raised funds for fascist propaganda, engaged in espionage work in favor of Hitler's Germany and organized camps where fascist youth received military training. According to the 1930 U.S. Census, there were 1,609,000 people born in Germany. In 1938, the American authorities discovered a large German spy organization in the United States. This spy organization was particularly interested in the Panama Canal, and one of the spies, Rumrich, lived in the Panama Canal area for five years. Another German spy, Glaser, served at a military airfield near New York City. The spy Hoffmann [female], as a hairdresser on the German ocean steamer Europa, maintained communication between German spies in the United States and their center in Berlin. These German spies obtained American passports in order to use them to send their agents to the Soviet Union. Now all of them are arrested, convicted and are in prison. In 1941, Kuhn was sentenced to several years in prison for embezzling money from the union he controlled, and in 1942 he was prosecuted on charges of espionage. Kuhn's closest collaborator in the United States was Kappe, who was mainly responsible for fascist propaganda and agitation in the United States. In 1941, another large espionage organization of the German Nazis was uncovered in the United States, which included some American citizens of German nationality. A short-wave radio station was found in the possession of one of the arrested men, Wheeler Hill, secretary to the well-known Hamilton Fish, a member of the House of Representatives. Espionage was organized by the Secretary of the German Consulate Weitenfeld. Spies have infiltrated the most important branches of the US military industry. Washington, even before Germany and Italy declared war on the United States, was forced to remove from the United States all the consular employees of Germany and Italy, among whom were many people associated with German-Italian spy gangs. German, Italian, and Spanish fascists work in the United States in solidarity, helping each other strenuously. The main pillar of the "fifth column" in the United States are people born in Germany. However, there are also fascist elements among Native Americans. Such fascist organizations as the Ku Klux Klan, the Silver Shirts in California, and the Black Legion in Detroit have long developed their subversive activities in the United States. Currently, all of these organizations are banned, and most of their organizers have been convicted by American courts. The end of the chapter
__________________
Where should they dig the Very Deep Pit? Piglet said that the best place would be somewhere where a Heffalump was, just before he fell into it, only about a foot farther on. (c) Alan Alexander Miln |
January 26th, 2021 | #14 |
Senior Member
|
Pan-Americanism
The Monroe Doctrine, being a unilateral act of the United States, often aroused suspicion on the part of the American countries defending their independence. During the 1919-1920 United States Senate debate on the organization of the League of Nations, El Salvador asked the United States Government about the meaning of the Monroe Doctrine. Costa Rica in 1928 demanded that the Council of the League of Nations define the Monroe doctrine. Mexico in 1931 and Argentina in 1933, when they joined the League of Nations, declared that they did not recognize the Monroe doctrine as defined in the charter of the League of Nations. The United States Government was forced to give such interpretations of the Monroe Doctrine as would reassure the Governments of Latin American countries. On February 6, 1931, United States Secretary of State Stimson gave the following interpretation of the Monroe Doctrine in a speech: "The Monroe Doctrine is a declaration of the United States with respect to Europe and is not a declaration with respect to Latin America." The history of the American continent knows of repeated attempts to unite the American republics by some agreement or alliance that would demonstrate American solidarity, not in words, but in deeds. Even during the proclamation of the Monroe Doctrine, the American republics convened the Pan-American Conference in 1826 (without the United States). In 1889, at the conference of Latin American countries, convened at the initiative of the United States Government, the Pan-American union was launched. Since then, every five years, meetings of the Pan-American conference have been held, convened by the secretariat of the Pan-American union, formally established at the conference of 1889. Recently, these conferences (in connection with the world war) have taken place almost every year. In 1928, after the election and before taking office, President Hoover traveled to South America to establish contact with some American countries. President Roosevelt followed suit and made a similar journey in 1932, and upon taking office declared that the United States would pursue a "good neighbor policy" toward the American continent. This statement made a very favorable impression in the American countries and was hailed as a new era that replaced the previous period when the United States conducted the so-called "dollar policy" in America. Usually, "dollar policy" means foreign policy pursued in the interests of financial capital, American banks, which express the interests of the dollar. In the foreign policy of the United States, the dollar has always played a significant role as a means for the United States to acquire territories on the American continent. No country expanded its holdings by buying territory in the way the United States did. This is also "dollar diplomacy", but of a different type. In 1803, under President Jefferson, the United States acquired a huge area of Louisiana from Napoleon I for $ 15 million. In 1819, the United States paid Spain $ 6.5 million for Florida and Spain's rights to Oregon, pledging to compensate various claims of American citizens against Spain for this amount. In 1848, the United States, after the war with Mexico, received California and New Mexico, paying the Mexican government $ 18,250,000 in total. This amount also included a fee for Mexico's abandonment of its claim to possession of Texas. In 1867, the United States purchased Alaska from Russia for $ 7,200,000. As a result of the Spanish-American War of 1898, the United States paid Spain $ 20 million for the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico. Colombia, for the secession from it of the Panama Republic, through whose territory the Panama Canal passes, in the end received $ 25 million in 1914. Panama also receives a reward from the United States for the transfer of the territory adjacent to the Panama Canal. But the real "dollar diplomacy" is President Taft's diplomacy, which, in his opinion, was consistent with "modern ideas about commercial relations." This policy is characterized by the fact that it "replaced bullets with dollars". Economic expansion is the most important feature of this "dollar diplomacy", which has been replaced by President Franklin Roosevelt's "good neighbor" policy. "Dollar diplomacy" was based on the subordination of the American states to the United States, while the foreign policy of the "good neighbor" builds relations between the American states and the United States on the basis of common interests and friendly relations. Taft's pan-Americanism was based on principles different from those on which the pan-Americanism of the present President Roosevelt is based.
__________________
Where should they dig the Very Deep Pit? Piglet said that the best place would be somewhere where a Heffalump was, just before he fell into it, only about a foot farther on. (c) Alan Alexander Miln |
March 17th, 2021 | #15 |
Senior Member
|
(Pan-Americanism) - continuation
In order to strengthen the economic position of the Latin American republics and improve relations between them and the United States, the United States government organized in 1934 the Export-Import Bank, whose tasks included lending to Latin American countries. Through this bank, the American republics one by one began to receive significant loans. In the first half of 1939, Brazil, Nicaragua and Paraguay took advantage of the loans from the Export-Import Bank. As noted, in 1940, the United States Congress allocated $ 500 million to the Export-Import Bank to finance trade between the United States and Latin American republics. The government of the United States, on the basis of the decision of the Congress of June 12, 1934, began to conclude agreements with various countries on the mutual reduction of import tariffs. Such agreements have been concluded with many Latin American republics. The first agreement was concluded with Cuba in September 1934. Then similar agreements were signed with Haiti, Brazil, Honduras, Colombia, Guatemala, Nicaragua, etc. In May 1938, an interdepartmental committee was convened in Washington for cooperation with the American republics. In the same 1938, the Department of Cultural Relations was created in the State Department, which should take care of strengthening the cultural ties of the United States with the states of the Western Hemisphere. In this case, it was unofficially meant to oppose the unbridled propaganda of Nazi Germany in the American republics with the cultural influence of the United States. The tasks of the department include organizing the exchange of professors, teachers and students, cooperation in the field of music, literature, art, distribution of books by various American authors and the translation of their books, organizing the participation of the United States in international exhibitions, broadcasting, etc. In 1938, another department was created in the State Department, this was the department of international relations. The responsibilities of this department include the development and coordination of programs for radio, cinema, telegraph, shipping, aviation and assistance in the preparation of contracts in these areas. The department also deals with projects of all kinds of correspondence with foreign governments and their representatives on issues within their competence, for example, draft letters from diplomatic and consular agents, ministries and other institutions related to international relations. This department maintains contact with both government agencies and foreign missions in Washington. All these activities are primarily referring to Latin American countries. Seeking rapprochement with Latin American countries, the US government sets itself the task of liberating them from the influence of the fascist countries, which have developed great activity in them, using radio, cinema and other methods for their propaganda. The United States government is helping to send various specialists from the United States to the Latin American republics, helping American companies to conclude contracts for all kinds of construction work in Latin America. The United States government sends military and naval commissions to Latin American countries. There are such commissions in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Haiti, Peru. American military instructors are stationed in Nicaragua and Guatemala. Students from Latin American countries study in the naval schools of the United States. The improvement of relations between the American republics and the United States was helped by the cancellation in 1934 of the famous Platt Amendment, which established the right of the United States to interfere in the internal affairs of Cuba and subject Cuba's foreign policy to its control. The corresponding treaty between the United States and Cuba was signed on May 29, 1934. In the same 1934, the troops of the United States were withdrawn from the Republic of Haiti, where they had been stationed since 1915. The tensions that arose in 1937 between the United States and Mexico over the Mexican law on the nationalization of oil companies did not come to a military clash and were resolved peacefully, albeit with great difficulties. Since then, relations between the United States and Mexico have steadily continued to improve. The peace treaty signed with the assistance of the United States between Bolivia and Paraguay on June 21, 1936 had a pacifying effect on the state of affairs on the American continent. This treaty ended the military conflict that lasted from 1925 to 1935. Even earlier, a number of agreements on a conciliation procedure were concluded to resolve disputes between the American republics (agreements of May 3, 1923; January 5, 1929; October 10, 1933). On December 26, 1933, at a conference in Montevideo, an agreement was reached on the refusal of the American republics from armed interference in each other's internal affairs. The Pan-American Conference in 1936 in Buenos Aires, attended by United States President Roosevelt, in view of the threat of aggression, recognized the need for cooperation between the American republics to preserve peace on the American continent and declared the need for consultation "if a situation arises that will affect the common interests in the maintenance of peace." In December 1938, the Eighth Conference of American States was convened in Lima (Peru). This conference unanimously adopted a declaration known as the "Lima Declaration." This declaration advocates "consultation and a common front in the event that any American state is threatened by external aggression." The end of the chapter
__________________
Where should they dig the Very Deep Pit? Piglet said that the best place would be somewhere where a Heffalump was, just before he fell into it, only about a foot farther on. (c) Alan Alexander Miln |
March 17th, 2021 | #16 |
Senior Member
|
Isolationism in the United States Congress
Hitler's rise to power in 1933 meant the militarization of Germany and the danger of a new world war. Hitler's Germany began to arm itself heavily, rebuilding its entire economy for the needs of the war. In February 1935 Germany openly declared that it had an air force and was ready with this air force to participate in the guarantees of the borders between France and Germany, stipulated by the Locarno Treaty of 1925. In March 1935 Hitler announced the introduction of military service in Germany and the formation of a large German army. Germany's right to armament was actually confirmed by the agreement between Germany and Britain on naval armaments, concluded on June 18, 1935. In 1935, Mussolini launched a war against Abyssinia. In 1936, Hitler's Germany brought its troops into the Rhine zone demilitarized by the Treaty of Versailles. In Europe, the smell of a new great war began. In the summer of 1936, the civil war and the German-Italian intervention in Spain began. At this time, there was a strong tendency in the United States to isolate itself at all costs from everything that happened outside America. In pursuing such a policy, the United States would have to withdraw from everything that happens in the outside world, regardless of the consequences that arise for them from such self-exclusion. It was the policy of an ostrich hiding its head in the sand at the sight of danger, without any attempt to take any measures to save its life. Regardless of whether the supporters of the policy of "isolation" were aware of it or not, they played into the hands of the enemies of the United States, helped Hitler's predatory imperialism in preparing a war against all freedom-loving peoples of the world. On August 31, 1935, the United States Congress passed a neutrality law, which established that in the event that the president declared a state of war between any countries, the sale and transportation of weapons to these countries was prohibited. The President could prohibit the citizens of the United States from traveling on ships belonging to the belligerent countries, after which American citizens could do so only at their own risk. On February 9, 1936, Congress passed a new neutrality law, which narrowed the president's rights to establish a list of military materials prohibited from trade with belligerent countries, added a clause banning loans to belligerent countries and excluded the American republics from the scope of this law. On January 6, 1937, Congress again passed an amendment to the 1935 Neutrality Act, which extended the law to parties involved in a country's civil war. On April 30, 1937, Congress established for two years in relation to the belligerent countries the principle of "pay in cash and export it yourself" purchased goods not included in the list of weapons prohibited for export from the United States. The business community could not provide credit to the belligerent countries for the sale of these goods and use the vehicles of the United States to transport these goods. It seemed that such measures created a situation in which the United States did not directly risk being drawn into a conflict between the belligerents, which would be possible if American ships were transporting non-prohibited goods to the ports of the belligerent countries. The law of January 6, 1937 was passed under the influence of the civil war and the German-Italian intervention in Spain and implemented a policy of non-intervention in this war. The Congress wanted to prevent any assistance to the legitimate government of Spain in its struggle against the insurgents and foreign interventionists. This was one of the forms of the policy of non-interference in Spanish affairs, which was pursued not only by the United States, but also by France and England. In fact, this policy of non-intervention was into the hands of the fascist interventionists - Italy and Germany. But help to the fascists in Spain was actually help to the fascists in the Latin American republics, since the fascists there were under the influence of the Spanish fascists. American "isolationism" actually helped anti-American intervention by fascist countries and worsened the position of the United States in the fight against fascist aggression on the American continent. The adoption of the 1935-1937 Neutrality Laws preceded the Sino-Japanese War, which began on a massive scale on July 7, 1937. The war was not legally declared. This gave the President of the United States a reason not to declare the state of war between Japan and China and, therefore, not to apply the law of neutrality to them.
__________________
Where should they dig the Very Deep Pit? Piglet said that the best place would be somewhere where a Heffalump was, just before he fell into it, only about a foot farther on. (c) Alan Alexander Miln |
March 17th, 2021 | #17 |
Senior Member
|
(Isolationism in the United States Congress) - continuation
The rights and advantages of American citizens in China were not only severely infringed, but almost completely eliminated, and all this was actually with the approval and support of Nazi Germany. On November 25, 1936, Germany signed the so-called "anti-Comintern pact" with Japan. This pact in the United States was perceived as a maneuver on the part of Germany, covering up with phrases about the Comintern a policy directed against democratic countries, in particular against the United States. Italy joined the pact on November 6, 1937. On September 27, 1940, this pact became a formal alliance. At the same time, a reservation was made to the pact that it did not concern the relations of its participants to the USSR. The relationship with Japan on naval weapons issues has generated great concern among United States stakeholders. On December 29, 1934, the Japanese government denounced the Washington Naval Agreement of 1922. In addition, the Japanese government refused to participate in the London Maritime Conference of 1936, which was intended to limit the size of naval ships and the caliber of their guns. The United States government, even under Secretary of State Stimson in 1931-1932, tried to take some measures to protect American interests in the Far East, but nothing came of it. In November 1937, with the participation of the United States government, an international conference was convened in Brussels, to which, in addition to the participants in the Washington Treaty of Nine Powers, the Soviet Union was invited as a Far Eastern power. Japan refused to send representatives to this conference. Japan's interests were protected by Italy. The Brussels conference adopted on November 24, 1937, a resolution outlining the course of events in the Sino-Japanese war and expressed the wish for "restoring peace in the Far East." This resolution has yielded no practical results. The state of affairs in the western Pacific Ocean turned out to be unfavorable for the United States, which could not take any measures to restore its lost influence. On November 18, 1938, the Japanese government handed the American ambassador to Tokyo a note in which it clearly indicated that the application in East Asia "to the conditions of today and tomorrow, the inapplicable ideas and principles of the past" cannot contribute to peace and the resolution of current issues. The United States government found it necessary to prohibit its merchant ships from transporting to China and Japan the weapons specified in the list announced in the presidential proclamation issued in May 1937. In 1938, the United States Department of State imposed a moral embargo on the export of aircraft to Japan, i.e. invited American industrialists and merchants to refrain from selling aircraft to Japan. Later, other restrictions were established. At the end of 1937, a member of the House of Representatives Ludlow introduced a proposal to the United States Congress to pass a law according to which a declaration of war by the United States was allowed only after a popular vote, i.e. referendum. Passing this law would move the United States even further away from events in other countries and would not only make it difficult to declare war, but also deprive the US government of the ability to put pressure on certain countries through the threat of war. Ludlow's proposal was rejected by the House of Representatives on January 10, 1938 by a small majority (209 to 188). Fascist aggression in Europe thrown aside all restraint more and more. In 1938, Hitler's Germany swallowed Austria. At the Munich Conference on September 29, 1938, Hitler's Germany received the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia and on March 15, 1939, captured all of Czechoslovakia. Italy, having finished with Abyssinia in 1936, occupied Albania in 1939. In March 1939, the German-Italian interventionists succeeded in finally crushing the Spanish Republic, establishing a regime of fascist terror there. Under these conditions, in May 1939, after the termination of the American neutrality law of 1937, the Congress raised the issue of extending the principle of "pay in cash and export it yourself" to both "non-military" goods and weapons. It was intended to facilitate the sale of weapons to England and France. The Foreign Affairs Commission of the House of Representatives submitted a draft law to the House of Representatives, but the House of Representatives on June 30, 1939, rejected it by 200 votes to 188. On July 11, the Senate Foreign Relations Commission, by 12 votes to 11, refused to submit a similar draft to the Senate. As a result, the ban on the export of weapons to the belligerent countries remained unchanged. The end of the chapter
__________________
Where should they dig the Very Deep Pit? Piglet said that the best place would be somewhere where a Heffalump was, just before he fell into it, only about a foot farther on. (c) Alan Alexander Miln |
March 22nd, 2021 | #18 |
Senior Member
|
The Knot of the Anglo-German War
For a long time, the aggressive policy of Nazi Germany did not meet with any opposition from the governments of the United States, Britain and France. There were even leaders of British and French politics who encouraged Hitler's aggression on condition that the fascist armies attack the Soviet Union. This tendency was especially clearly manifested in the then Prime Minister of England Neville Chamberlain and the Prime Minister of France Edouard Daladier. The President of the United States Roosevelt and the current Prime Minister of England Winston Churchill were not involved in this, but such figures as Chamberlain and Daladier brought a split among the peace-loving countries, weakening their struggle against aggression. Instead of creating a united front of the peace-loving powers, they tried to incite fascist Germany against the Soviet Union. At the beginning of 1939 it was discovered that the policy of Chamberlain and Daladier actually prepared the aggression of Hitler's Germany not only against the Soviet Union, but also against England and France. In February-March 1939, Hitler challenged England by refusing to adhere to the decisions of the Munich Conference. The essence of the decisions of this conference was expressed in a joint declaration signed in Munich on September 30, 1938 by Hitler and Chamberlain. This declaration contains the conditions for peaceful relations between Britain and Germany. "We, the German Führer and Chancellor and the British Prime Minister, have had a further meeting to-day and are agreed in recognizing that the question of Anglo-German relations is of the first importance for the two countries and for Europe. We regard the agreement signed last night and the Anglo-German Naval Agreement as symbolic of the desire of our two peoples never to go to war with one another again. We are resolved that the method of consultation shall be the method adopted to deal with any other questions that may concern our two countries, and we are determined to continue our efforts to remove possible sources of difference and thus to contribute to assure the peace of Europe." With this declaration, peaceful relations between Germany and England were based, firstly, on the policy of concessions on the part of England on the continent of Europe, the symbol of which was the British surrender on the Czechoslovak question (about the Sudetenland) signed the day before, and, secondly, on the policy of recognition Britain's naval superiority on the part of Germany, the symbol of which was the Anglo-German agreement on naval armaments of June 18, 1935. This agreement gave Germany the right to have a navy in the amount of 35% of the total tonnage of the British fleet with a clause in relation to submarines (the number of them could be brought by Germany to 100% of the tonnage of British submarines). The Munich Declaration remained a piece of paper. At the beginning of 1939, Hitler, having conquered the whole of Czechoslovakia, already declared, like the former German emperor Wilhelm II, that the future of Germany lies at sea. Despite the fact that Chamberlain made all sorts of concessions to Hitler on the continent of Europe, bringing his policy of "appeasement" to the point of giving Germany almost hegemony in Europe, Hitler decided to throw down the gauntlet of England on the most important issue for her - the navy. The diplomatic negotiations that were going on between England and Germany on this issue revealed Hitler's claims to world domination through the conquest of a dominant position in the seas. Hitler found it possible to declare his claims to a large navy, not only in diplomatic negotiations, but also publicly. On April 1, 1939, having arrived in Wilhelmshaven for the celebration of the launching of the new German battleship, named after the famous German admiral von Tirpitz, Hitler made a speech, praising Admiral von Tirpitz primarily as the founder of the large German navy, which understood the need for Germany to have large naval forces. Then Hitler expressed his negative attitude towards the naval arms treaty concluded between Germany and England in 1935, in view of Britain's allegedly unfriendly actions towards Germany and Britain's withdrawal from the Munich policy of concessions, which was associated with the naval agreement in the Munich Declaration of September 30, 1938. Hitler spoke of the need for Germany to maintain communication between "Germanic elements" around the world. This formulation of the question was a threat not only to England, but also to the United States. Hitler's desire to undermine Britain's naval superiority also meant a desire to limit the freedom of action of the United States on the seas, and above all on the Atlantic Ocean. This could hit hard on US interests in the seas. On April 28, 1939, Hitler officially terminated the 1935 Anglo-German agreement on naval armaments, and at the same time abolished the German-Polish non-aggression treaty of 1934. Thus, the question of the war with England was raised by Hitler quite openly. He understood that the withdrawal from the 1935 treaty with England was in fact a declaration of war on England. The Anglo-German war that began on September 3, 1939 was only a natural consequence of the relations between these countries, which were created as a result of Hitler's policy of aggression aimed at undermining the naval power of England. The end of the chapter
__________________
Where should they dig the Very Deep Pit? Piglet said that the best place would be somewhere where a Heffalump was, just before he fell into it, only about a foot farther on. (c) Alan Alexander Miln |
March 24th, 2021 | #19 |
Senior Member
|
United States in the fight against fascist aggression before World War II
The idea of an international struggle against aggression was not alien to the United States either. United States Secretary of State Stimson attempted to collectively oppose aggression in connection with the events of 1931-1932 in the Far East. On May 22, 1933, the representative of the United States at the conference on disarmament and other conferences, Norman Davis, declared that in the event of aggression, the United States was ready to consult with other powers, and promised that if measures were taken against the aggressor, the United States would "refrain from any action, which could hinder the collective efforts of states to restore peace." The idea of collective security in the United States at that time was not specific, and they did not participate in the actions taken to implement it. A real step in the fight against aggression was the restoration of diplomatic relations between the United States and the Soviet Union on November 16, 1933. Formally, this was only the normalization of relations between the two great powers. But in the conditions under which the restoration of diplomatic relations between the United States and the Soviet Union was accomplished, it not only was a tribute to the power and international influence of the Soviet Union, but also meant the creation of further prerequisites for cooperation between the two largest peace-loving countries against aggression. There is no doubt that the laws of neutrality in force in the United States from 1935 to 1939 significantly limited and tied the hands of the president in the participation of the United States in the international struggle against aggression. Roosevelt saw the danger facing the United States and repeatedly drew the attention of his fellow citizens to it. On October 5, 1937, Roosevelt made his famous speech in Chicago, directed against isolationism in the United States and calling for the creation of a "quarantine" from an epidemic of aggression from a number of states. He ended his speech with the words: "America hates war. America hopes for peace. Therefore, America actively engages in the search for peace." President Roosevelt never missed an opportunity to speak out for peace and against the use of force in international relations. The day before the forcible dismemberment of Czechoslovakia in Munich on September 29, 1938, the US President in his address to the USSR government proposed that our peace-loving country should influence the fascist aggressors and induce them to abandon the "use of force" against Czechoslovakia. The Soviet government proposed to convene an international conference to discuss the situation and take the necessary measures. The League of Nations approved Roosevelt's speech [or actions (?)] against aggression. In March 1939, the United States government increased duties on German goods by 25%. On April 14, 1939, Roosevelt made an appeal to Hitler and Mussolini, inviting them to give assurances that their "armed forces will not attack or invade the territory or possessions of the following independent countries", which were indicated in the list compiled by the president. Almost all European countries were on this list. These assurances should have been valid for 10 or even 25 years. At the same time, Roosevelt asked the countries indicated in the list about their readiness to give similar assurances. Roosevelt proposed to convene a conference to discuss the issue of arms reduction and the development of trade, which provides each country with the materials and raw materials it needs. At the same time, he expressed the readiness of the United States to take part in economic negotiations, while political negotiations could be conducted separately, without their participation. Roosevelt's appeal met with full approval from the USSR government. This attitude was expressed in a reply telegram on April 15, 1939, sent by the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Mikhail Kalinin, to the President of the United States.
__________________
Where should they dig the Very Deep Pit? Piglet said that the best place would be somewhere where a Heffalump was, just before he fell into it, only about a foot farther on. (c) Alan Alexander Miln |
March 27th, 2021 | #20 |
Senior Member
|
(United States in the fight against fascist aggression before World War II) - continuation
Roosevelt's speech [or actions (?)] was essentially an accusation of aggressive intentions on Germany and Italy. It was to these countries that Roosevelt first of all offered to give assurances that they had no aggressive intentions. Hitler, in turn, began asking most of the countries listed on Roosevelt's list if they believed they were in any danger of an attack from Germany. Of course, most of the governments requested by Hitler gave an evasive answer. Events later showed that almost all the countries included by President Roosevelt on the list fell victim to aggression from Nazi Germany. Hitler's requests to these governments were another manifestation of the deceit and hypocrisy that underlie the entire foreign policy of this leader of the fascist gang. Before the start of the German-Polish war, Roosevelt again tried to prevent an armed conflict. In a telegram sent on August 24, 1939 to Hitler, the Italian king and president of the Polish Republic, Mościcki, he asked "to refrain from any act of hostility for the period for which they agree" and to find some way to reconciliation. This action by Roosevelt was again unsuccessful. Despite the extreme severity of the international situation and the impact of Roosevelt, the United States Congress in 1939 did not take a decision to revise the neutrality law for a long time. Roosevelt, however, was not idle and persistently sought to change the neutrality law by Congress. On February 1, 1939, he convened members of the Senate War Commission at the White House to exchange views on US foreign policy. After this meeting, reports appeared in American newspapers that Roosevelt had allegedly announced at this meeting that the first line of US defense was the defense of France. These reports were categorically denied by him as false, but it was clear to everyone that the meeting revealed Roosevelt's great concern over the threat to the United States stemming from the aggressive plans of Nazi Germany. On August 30, 1939, Roosevelt issued a statement that "the refusal of Congress to revise the neutrality law and lift the embargo on the export of weapons to the belligerent countries had a corresponding impact on the development of the current European crisis." The official position of the United States at that time made it difficult for the United States to provide any assistance to the Soviet Union in the event of its war with Nazi Germany, since the then law of neutrality prohibited United States citizens from selling weapons to the belligerent countries. President Roosevelt, in the statement that was mentioned earlier, obviously had this circumstance in mind in particular. In the preface to a collection of his 1939 speeches, President Roosevelt expressed regret that he had not vetoed the Neutrality Act of 1935. On September 1, 1939, Nazi troops invaded Poland. On September 3, the German-Polish war had already turned into an Anglo-French-German war, i.e. in fact, into a new world war. Public opinion in the United States, alarmed by fascist aggression, gradually began to approach the issue of banning the export of weapons in a different way. The survey of the Institute of Public Opinion, which before the Munich Conference of 1938 indicated that only 34% of the population of the United States supported the sale of weapons to England and France, in March 1939 revealed 65% of the votes for the sale of weapons to these countries, and in April 1939 revealed 66% of such votes. Due to the further development of the war in Europe, due to the growth of anti-fascist sentiments in the United States and thanks to the influence of Roosevelt and Hull, on November 4, 1939, Congress changed the neutrality law. The ban on the export of weapons to belligerent countries was lifted. However, provided that each of the belligerent countries could buy weapons in the United States for cash and export it not on US ships. The conditions for the purchase of weapons in the United States, therefore, began to be equated with the conditions for the purchase in them of all other goods acquired by the belligerent countries for military purposes and included in the list announced by president. This decision actually gave the president a right to provide more real assistance to England and France, since under the rule of England at sea, only it and its allies could export items of military supplies and weapons from the United States on the basis of the amended neutrality law. To clarify the situation in Europe, Roosevelt organized trips of Assistant Secretary of State Sumner Welles to London, Paris, Rome and Berlin in February-March 1940. Welles met with the foreign policy leaders of France, England, Italy and Germany. Similar trips of persons close to Roosevelt to obtain information were made later on more than once. The trips of Colonel Donovan, Harry Hopkins, James Roosevelt and others attracted everyone's attention. Obviously, these trips were also intended to influence the politics of some countries. The end of the chapter
__________________
Where should they dig the Very Deep Pit? Piglet said that the best place would be somewhere where a Heffalump was, just before he fell into it, only about a foot farther on. (c) Alan Alexander Miln |
Share |
Thread | |
Display Modes | |
|